Gut-microbiota-epithelial-immune axis

The gut microbiota, intestinal epithelium, and host immune system constitute a complex biological axis (often termed the gut-immune axis) that is fundamental to human health and homeostasis (Belkaid & Hand, 2014, Science). The intestinal epithelium serves as a critical physical and biochemical barrier, while the microbiota provides essential metabolic signals, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which influence the maturation and function of the host immune system (Koh et al., 2016, Cell). This tripartite interaction ensures oral tolerance to harmless antigens while maintaining the capacity to mount inflammatory responses against pathogens (Hooper et al., 2012, Science). Disruptions in this delicate balance, known as dysbiosis or barrier leakiness, are central to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), metabolic syndrome, and even neurodegenerative conditions (Ni et al., 2017, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology). Therapeutic interventions targeting this axis include biologics that block leukocyte trafficking (e.g., Vedolizumab), anti-inflammatory agents, and microbial-based therapies like fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) or probiotics designed to restore ecological stability (Khanna et al., 2017, Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology).

Other names

Gut-immune axisMicrobiota-gut-epithelium interfaceIntestinal mucosal barrier system

Modulation of microbial composition, enhancement of epithelial barrier function, and regulation of mucosal cytokine signaling.