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Heavy Metal Ions
- Molecular classification
- Inorganic ions, Environmental pollutants
01
Overview
Heavy metal ions are ionic forms of metallic elements with high atomic weight and density. They are widespread environmental pollutants resulting from industrial, agricultural, and other human activities. While some are essential micronutrients at low concentrations, many are highly toxic even at low levels, causing various adverse health effects by disrupting cellular processes, damaging DNA, and inducing oxidative stress.
- Other names
- Lead ions (Pb²⁺)Mercury ions (Hg²⁺)Cadmium ions (Cd²⁺)Chromium ions (Cr³⁺/Cr⁶⁺)Arsenic species (As³⁻/AsO₄³⁻)
02
Mechanism of action
Chelation and removal from the body
03
Biological functions
Enzyme inhibitionOxidative stress inductionDNA damageDisruption of cellular organellesCompetition with essential nutrients
04
Disease associations
NeurotoxicityRenal dysfunctionHepatotoxicityCardiovascular diseaseBone degenerationCancerDevelopmental toxicity
05
Safety considerations
Systemic toxicity affecting multiple organsCarcinogenicityBioaccumulationEnvironmental persistence
06
Interacting drugs
Chelating agents (e.g., EDTA, Dimercaprol, Penicillamine, Deferoxamine)
07
Biomarkers
Blood lead levelsUrinary mercury levelsCadmium concentration in blood/urine
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