Heparin-binding growth factors and cytokines (HBGFs and cytokines)

Heparin-binding growth factors and cytokines are a diverse group of signaling proteins that share a high affinity for heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) found in the extracellular matrix and on cell surfaces [2, 3]. This group encompasses several vital protein families, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), and various cytokines and chemokines [2]. These molecules typically require interaction with heparin or heparan sulfate as a co-receptor to form stable, active complexes with their cognate signaling receptors, thereby regulating processes like angiogenesis, tissue repair, and immune responses [3, 8]. In pathological states, these factors may be excessively sequestered or dysregulated, contributing to diseases such as cancer, chronic inflammation, and neurodegeneration [1, 7]. Therapeutic agents like ILB (a low molecular weight dextran sulfate) target this group by modulating their availability and activity, often by releasing them from matrix stores to promote neuroprotection or inhibiting their pro-angiogenic effects in oncology [1, 4].

Other names

Heparin-binding proteinsHB-GFsHeparin-binding signaling moleculesHeparin-binding ligands

Modulation of the interaction between heparin-binding ligands and their receptors, including the release of sequestered factors from the extracellular matrix and the potentiation or inhibition of downstream signaling [1, 2].