Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a potent human carcinogen and environmental toxicant primarily encountered through industrial processes such as welding, chrome plating, and pigment production [1]. Unlike the trivalent form of chromium, hexavalent chromium can readily enter cells by mimicking sulfate ions and utilizing non-specific anion transporters [2]. Inside the cell, it is reduced to lower oxidation states by cellular reductants like glutathione and ascorbic acid, a process that generates reactive oxygen species and reactive chromium intermediates [3]. These reactive species cause significant cellular damage, including the formation of DNA-protein crosslinks and oxidative DNA lesions, which can lead to mutagenesis and malignant transformation [1]. Exposure to hexavalent chromium is strongly linked to the development of lung cancer and other respiratory malignancies, as well as severe skin irritation and kidney damage [4]. In a pharmacological context, it is not considered a therapeutic target but is a toxic agent whose effects are mitigated using antioxidants or reducing agents to prevent or treat systemic toxicity.

Other names

Chromium(VI)Cr6+ChromateDichromateHexavalent chromium ion

Pharmacological agents used in the context of hexavalent chromium toxicity typically function as reducing agents or antioxidants; for example, ascorbic acid reduces Cr(VI) to the less toxic and less membrane-permeable Cr(III) oxidation state, effectively neutralizing its genotoxic potential [2][4].