HIV antiretroviral drug targets (ART targets)

HIV antiretroviral drug targets refers to a collective group of viral and host proteins essential for the replication and survival of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (National HIV Curriculum, 2025). The primary viral targets include three essential enzymes: reverse transcriptase, which converts viral RNA into DNA; integrase, which inserts viral DNA into the host genome; and protease, which cleaves viral polyproteins into functional units for virion maturation (Patsnap Synapse, 2025; PubMed, 2016). Additionally, the viral envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, along with the host cell receptors CD4 and CCR5, serve as critical targets for entry inhibitors that prevent the virus from infecting new cells (PMC, 2022; YouTube, 2024). Recent advancements have also established the HIV-1 capsid protein as a potent target, with inhibitors like lenacapavir disrupting multiple stages of the viral life cycle, including nuclear uptake and assembly (PMC, 2022; Drug Target Review, 2024). Drugs targeting these molecules are typically used in combination (cART) to suppress viral load, preserve immune function, and prevent the emergence of drug resistance (Aidsmap, 2024). Monitoring efficacy and safety involves tracking biomarkers such as plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4+ T-cell counts, while managing challenges like metabolic side effects and long-term chronic inflammation (PMC, 2021; PMC, 2023).

Other names

HIV-1 drug targetsAntiretroviral therapy targetsHIV replication cycle proteinsHIV-1 enzymes and entry receptors

Inhibition of reverse transcription via chain termination or allosteric modulation; inhibition of viral DNA integration into the host genome; inhibition of proteolytic cleavage of viral polyproteins; blocking of viral attachment, co-receptor binding, or membrane fusion; and disruption of capsid-mediated nuclear uptake and virion assembly.