Homologous recombination repair protein

Homologous recombination repair proteins are a group of evolutionarily conserved enzymes and cofactors responsible for repairing harmful double-strand breaks in DNA through an error-free process called homologous recombinational repair. This mechanism ensures genome stability by accurately restoring damaged genetic material using an undamaged template. Key members include RecA in bacteria, RAD51 and its paralogs in eukaryotes, and RadA in archaea. These proteins form nucleoprotein filaments on single-stranded DNA at sites of damage, search for homology on intact sister chromatids or homologs, catalyze strand invasion/exchange reactions, and facilitate branch migration to complete the exchange or restoration process. Defects or mutations affecting these pathways contribute significantly to cancer risk due to increased genomic instability. While individual members such as BRCA1/BRCA2/RAD51 are considered therapeutic targets or biomarkers—especially in oncology—the term "homologous recombinant repair proteins" refers collectively to a functional group rather than a specific molecular entity.

Other names

Homologous recombination proteinHRR proteinDNA double-strand break repair protein (context-dependent)RecA homolog (bacteria)RAD51 homolog (eukaryotes)