Host cell entry factors

Host cell entry factors represent a broad category of host-encoded molecules, including surface receptors, co-receptors, and enzymes, that pathogens exploit to facilitate cellular attachment and internalization (Wilen et al., 2012, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol). These factors are essential for the pathogen life cycle, mediating processes such as receptor-mediated endocytosis, membrane fusion, or proteolytic activation of viral proteins (Hoffmann et al., 2020, Cell). For example, the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2, while the CD4 receptor and CCR5/CXCR4 co-receptors are required for HIV-1 entry (Alkhatib et al., 1996, Science). Therapeutic strategies targeting these host factors, such as the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc, aim to block infection by preventing the initial interaction between the pathogen and the host cell (Wood & Armour, 2005, Nat Rev Drug Discov). Because these factors often perform vital physiological functions, such as immune signaling or blood pressure regulation, drug development must address the risk of off-target effects and systemic toxicity (Maggi et al., 2020, Nat Rev Immunol).

Other names

Host entry receptorsViral entry factorsAttachment factorsHost cell receptorsEntry mediatorsPathogen entry factors

Inhibition of pathogen attachment to host surfaces, competitive antagonism of host receptors, or inhibition of host proteases required for pathogen activation and membrane fusion.