Host cell viral entry receptors

Host cell viral entry receptors are a heterogeneous group of cell surface molecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, that viruses exploit to attach to and penetrate host cells. These receptors typically perform essential physiological functions, such as the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in blood pressure regulation or CD4 in immune signaling, but are hijacked by viral surface proteins to facilitate entry [Source: Maginnis, 2018, Encyclopedia of Virology]. For instance, SARS-CoV-2 utilizes ACE2 for cellular entry, while HIV-1 requires the CD4 receptor along with co-receptors like CCR5 or CXCR4 [Source: Hoffmann et al., 2020, Cell; Alkhatib et al., 1996, Science]. Targeting these host factors is a prominent antiviral strategy because host proteins are less likely to mutate than viral proteins, potentially offering a higher barrier to drug resistance. However, a major challenge in targeting these receptors is the risk of disrupting their natural biological roles, which can lead to significant side effects or toxicity [Source: NIH, 2023]. Current therapeutic examples include Maraviroc, which antagonizes the CCR5 co-receptor, and Ibalizumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds CD4 to prevent HIV entry [Source: FDA, 2023].

Other names

Viral entry receptorsHost receptorsCell surface receptors for virusesViral attachment factorsViral co-receptors

Drugs targeting host cell viral entry receptors function by binding to the host molecule to competitively or allosterically inhibit viral attachment and subsequent entry [Source: PMID: 17586738]. This can involve blocking the primary binding site, preventing conformational changes required for fusion, or inducing receptor internalization to reduce surface availability [Source: PMID: 29953211].