Host cellular antioxidant pathways

Host cellular antioxidant pathways are integrated systems consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes that detoxify reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced during normal metabolism or pathological states. These pathways include enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase; transcription factors such as NRF2, NF-κB, and AP-1; and small molecule antioxidants like glutathione, vitamins C and E. By balancing the generation and removal of reactive species, these pathways sustain redox homeostasis, modulate cell signaling, and protect against oxidative damage to proteins, DNA, and lipids. Dysregulation or exhaustion of antioxidant defenses contributes to the development and progression of cancer, neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and other pathologies.

Other names

antioxidant systemantioxidant pathwayscellular redox systemantioxidant defense systemredox homeostasis pathways

Free radical scavenging; Enzymatic detoxification of reactive oxygen species; Upregulation of antioxidant gene transcription via NRF2 pathway; Regeneration of oxidized cellular antioxidants