Host cellular pathways

Host cellular pathways encompass the integrated networks of molecular interactions and biochemical reactions that govern fundamental cellular processes such as growth, metabolism, and immune signaling (Artika et al., 2020). In therapeutic contexts, particularly in infectious disease and oncology, these pathways are viewed as a collective of potential targets for host-directed therapies (HDTs) (Kaufmann et al., 2018). Pathogens often hijack these endogenous systems—including the endocytic machinery, protein synthesis apparatus, and secretory pathways—to facilitate their own replication and survival (Zumla et al., 2016). By targeting host factors rather than the pathogen itself, drugs can potentially achieve broad-spectrum activity and minimize the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. However, because these pathways are vital for normal physiological function, pharmacological intervention requires precise modulation to avoid significant host toxicity and maintain cellular homeostasis (Artika et al., 2020; Kaufmann et al., 2018).

Other names

Host factorsHost-directed targetsCellular signaling pathwaysEndogenous metabolic pathwaysHost-pathogen interface

Host-directed therapies function by inhibiting or activating specific host-encoded proteins or signaling cascades that are essential for disease progression or pathogen replication, rather than targeting the pathogen or disease agent directly (Kaufmann et al., 2018; Zumla et al., 2016).