Host extracellular matrix proteins (ECM)

The host extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex, non-cellular network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides essential structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells (Frantz et al., 2010, Journal of Cell Science). It is composed of two primary classes of macromolecules: glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), often found as proteoglycans, and fibrous proteins such as collagen, elastin, fibronectin, and laminin (Theocharis et al., 2016, FEBS Journal). The ECM is not merely a passive scaffold; it actively regulates cellular behavior, including proliferation, survival, and migration, through interactions with receptors like integrins (Hynes, 2009, Science). Pathological remodeling of the ECM is a hallmark of several diseases, including organ fibrosis, where excessive protein deposition leads to organ failure, and cancer, where a stiffened or degraded matrix promotes tumor progression and metastasis (Lu et al., 2012, Journal of Cell Biology). Therapeutic interventions targeting the ECM include enzymatic degradation of excess matrix components, inhibition of fibrotic signaling to reduce protein deposition, and blocking cell-ECM adhesion to prevent inflammation or metastasis (Nallanthighal et al., 2019, Cancers). Because the ECM is ubiquitous, therapeutic strategies must often balance the need for localized remodeling with the risk of systemic structural instability (Bonnans et al., 2014, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology).

Other names

Extracellular matrixECMMatrisomeInterstitial matrixBasement membrane proteinsGround substance

Mechanisms of action include the enzymatic degradation of structural components like collagen or hyaluronan, the inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways (e.g., TGF-beta) that drive the synthesis of ECM proteins, and the use of antibodies to block the binding of cell-surface integrins to ECM ligands (Nallanthighal et al., 2019, Cancers; Bonnans et al., 2014, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology).