Host receptors and pathways via microbiota-derived metabolites

Host receptors and pathways via microbiota-derived metabolites represent a broad biological framework rather than a single molecular entity. This category encompasses a diverse array of host receptors—including G protein-coupled receptors (e.g., GPR41, GPR43, GPR109A), nuclear receptors (e.g., Farnesoid X receptor, Pregnane X receptor), and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)—that sense and respond to chemical signals produced by the gut microbiota (Nicholson et al., 2012, Science). These metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), secondary bile acids, and tryptophan derivatives, are critical for regulating host energy metabolism, immune system education, and the maintenance of the intestinal barrier (Rooks & Garrett, 2016, Nature Reviews Immunology). Dysregulation of these signaling pathways is a hallmark of various chronic conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), obesity, and cardiovascular disease (Postler & Schüller, 2017, Nature Reviews Microbiology). While the collective term describes a complex network of interactions, individual components within these pathways are actively targeted by pharmacological agents, such as FXR agonists for liver disease. Understanding this axis is vital for developing precision medicines that leverage the symbiotic relationship between the host and its resident microbes.

Other names

Gut-microbiota-host axisMicrobiome-metabolite signaling pathwaysMicrobiota-host crosstalkMetabolite-sensing receptors

Modulation of host physiological processes through the activation or inhibition of specific receptors (e.g., GPCRs, FXR, AhR) by microbial fermentation products, such as short-chain fatty acids, and transformed metabolites like secondary bile acids.