Human coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X (FII, FVII, FIX, FX)

Human coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X are a group of vitamin K-dependent serine proteases synthesized in the liver that play a critical role in the blood coagulation cascade (StatPearls, 2023). These factors require post-translational gamma-carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues to become biologically active and bind to phospholipid surfaces via calcium ions (PubMed, 2022). Factor II (prothrombin) is the precursor to thrombin, while Factors VII, IX, and X are essential components of the extrinsic, intrinsic, and common pathways, respectively (UniProt, 2024). They are the primary targets of vitamin K antagonists like warfarin, which interfere with their synthesis to prevent thromboembolic diseases such as deep vein thrombosis and stroke in atrial fibrillation (NIH, 2023). Conversely, prothrombin complex concentrates containing these factors are used for the rapid reversal of anticoagulation or to treat bleeding in patients with specific factor deficiencies (StatPearls, 2023).

Other names

Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factorsProthrombin complex factorsFactors II, VII, IX, and XVKD clotting factors

Inhibition of vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues via VKORC1 inhibition, which prevents the functional activation of these factors; or direct exogenous replacement of the factors to restore hemostatic capacity (StatPearls, 2023; NIH, 2023).