Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically targeting and destroying CD4+ T lymphocytes. If left untreated, HIV infection can progress to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There is no cure, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress viral replication, allowing people living with HIV to live long healthy lives and preventing sexual transmission.

HIV infects host cells by binding to the CD4 receptor and a co-receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) on the surface of target cells. Its RNA genome enters and integrates into host DNA via reverse transcription, leading to cell death and depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes.