Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected host cell (HIV-infected cell)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected host cells are the primary biological units responsible for the persistence of HIV within the human body [Deeks et al., 2021, Nat Rev Immunol]. These cells, predominantly CD4+ T lymphocytes and myeloid lineage cells like macrophages, harbor the virus in both active and latent forms [Deeks et al., 2021, Nat Rev Immunol; Siliciano & Siliciano, 2022, J Infect Dis]. In the latent state, the viral genome is integrated into the host's DNA but remains transcriptionally silent, effectively shielding the virus from the host's immune system and conventional antiretroviral therapy (ART) [Siliciano & Siliciano, 2022, J Infect Dis]. These cells constitute the viral reservoir, which is the principal barrier to a sterile cure for HIV [Deeks et al., 2021, Nat Rev Immunol]. Therapeutic strategies targeting these cells often focus on shock and kill approaches, which utilize latency-reversing agents to induce viral protein expression, followed by immune-mediated clearance [Archin et al., 2012, Nature]. Other approaches include the use of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) or engineered CAR-T cells that recognize viral envelope proteins (Env) on the surface of infected cells [Maldini et al., 2020, Nat Rev Immunol]. Successful elimination of this reservoir is essential for achieving long-term remission without the need for daily medication [Deeks et al., 2021, Nat Rev Immunol].

Other names

HIV reservoirLatently infected CD4+ T cellHIV-1 infected cellHIV-infected macrophage

Latency reversal followed by immune-mediated cytolysis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell mediated killing.