Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein (Vpu)

The Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein (Vpu) is a small, multifunctional accessory protein encoded by the HIV-1 genome[1][2][4][7]. It is a single-pass transmembrane protein of about 81 amino acids, forming part of the virus’s toolkit for overcoming host defenses and maximizing viral production[1][2][4][6]. Vpu localizes to viral and cellular membranes, where it acts as a viroporin—forming oligomeric ion channels that enhance the release of newly assembled virions from infected cells[1][2]. Vpu targets the host CD4 receptor and the restriction factor BST-2/tetherin for degradation or downregulation, facilitating immune evasion and increased viral dissemination[4][7]. The protein plays no direct signaling role but is critical for efficient HIV-1 pathogenesis, acting by modulating host pathways rather than functioning as a classic enzyme, transporter, or receptor. There are currently no approved drugs that specifically target Vpu in clinical use, but it remains of high interest as a potential antiviral target, particularly for strategies aiming to restore host restriction of viral budding or prevent immune evasion[4][7].

Other names

Viral protein UHIV-1 Vpu proteinVpu protein

Drugs (in development) may act by inhibiting Vpu-mediated degradation of BST-2/tetherin, restoring host cell viral budding restriction\nOther approaches inhibit Vpu-mediated CD4 degradation, enhancing immune recognition\nViroporin inhibition—drugs may block Vpu's ion channel activity, limiting viral particle release