Human interferon beta (IFN-β)

Interferon beta is a naturally occurring type I interferon produced by various cell types, especially fibroblasts, in response to viral infection and other immune stimuli. It is a 166-amino-acid secreted glycoprotein with a structure consisting of a cylindrical, five-α-helix bundle stabilized by hydrogen bonds and a single disulfide bridge. It displays significant antiviral and immunomodulatory activities by binding to its cell-surface receptor (IFNAR1/IFNAR2), activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and upregulating numerous genes that promote antiviral defense, cell cycle regulation, suppression of angiogenesis, and enhancement of antigen presentation. Recombinant forms (beta-1a and beta-1b) are approved drugs for treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, with differences in their expression systems and glycosylation. Challenges in therapeutic use involve immunogenicity, short half-life, and adverse effects such as flu-like symptoms and potential for exacerbation of autoimmune disorders.

Other names

IFN-betaIFNβInterferon beta-1aInterferon beta-1bHuIFN-betaIFNB1

Binds heterodimeric interferon alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR1/IFNAR2), initiating JAK-STAT signaling. Induces transcription of interferon-stimulated genes, leading to antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects. Suppresses inflammation and enhances immune surveillance.