Human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 L1 protein (HPV16 L1, HPV18 L1)

The Human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 L1 protein is the major capsid protein of cancer-causing HPV types 16 and 18. It forms pentameric capsomers that assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) structurally mimicking the native viral surface. These recombinant VLPs, consisting of only L1, are noninfectious and highly immunogenic, making them the basis for current HPV vaccines that effectively prevent persistent infection and associated cancers. In the viral life cycle, L1 performs essential roles in viral DNA encapsidation, capsid stability, attachment to epithelial cells, and immune recognition. L1-specific vaccine-induced antibodies are potent at neutralizing infection in a type-specific manner, necessitating multiple L1 variants for broad protection. The protein is generally safe as a vaccine antigen, though its high immunogenicity requires careful regulation in vaccine design. L1 acts as both a structural and immunological target, critical for the prevention of HPV-driven malignancies.

Other names

HPV16 major capsid protein L1HPV18 major capsid protein L1HPV L1Papillomavirus L1 proteinMajor capsid protein L1

Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies bind to conformational epitopes on L1 VLPs, preventing HPV infection by blocking virus binding and entry into host cells.