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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA axis)
- Target
- HPA axis
- Molecular classification
- Neuroendocrine system
01
Overview
The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a major neuroendocrine system that coordinates the body’s response to stress and regulates numerous physiological processes, including digestion, immune function, mood and emotions, sexual activity, and energy storage/expenditure. It consists of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, communicating via hormones in a feedback loop to manage stress reactions and maintain homeostasis. Dysregulation is implicated in various disorders including depression, anxiety, and stress-related illnesses.
- Other names
- HPA system
02
Biological functions
Stress response regulationMetabolic controlImmune modulationRegulation of digestionRegulation of mood and emotionsRegulation of sexual activityRegulation of energy storage/expenditureHomeostasis maintenance
03
Disease associations
Chronic stressDepressionAnxiety disordersCushing’s syndrome/hypercortisolemiaAddison’s disease/hypocortisolemia
04
Safety considerations
Dysregulation of HPA axis can lead to pathological conditions due to altered glucocorticoid signaling.Insufficient and excessive activation can both lead to problems.
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