Immunogenic Cell Death Induction via DAMP Release

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a form of regulated cell death that stimulates an adaptive immune response against antigens derived from dying cells. The hallmark of ICD is the release or exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which act as endogenous danger signals to alert and activate the immune system. During ICD, dying cells release DAMPs into their microenvironment. These molecules are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, leading to their activation and maturation. The released DAMPs promote antigen uptake and presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), particularly dendritic cells. This process leads to the priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that can target tumor or infected cells. ICD induction is a promising strategy in cancer therapy because it can convert dying tumor cells into an in situ vaccine, enhancing anti-tumor immunity.

DAMPs released during ICD activate PRRs on immune cells, leading to dendritic cell maturation, antigen presentation, and T cell priming.