Immunomodulator

An immunomodulator is a substance that modifies the immune system's activity, either by stimulating or suppressing immune responses. These agents encompass a wide range of molecules, including small molecules, biologics like monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and hormones. They are used to treat conditions where the immune system is either underactive or overactive, such as autoimmune diseases, cancer, and organ transplantation. Immunomodulators act by affecting the number and function of immune cells, modulating signaling pathways, and targeting specific molecules like cytokines, immune checkpoint proteins, and cell surface antigens.

Varies depending on the specific immunomodulator; includes immunostimulation, immunosuppression, modulation of cytokine production, modulation of immune cell activity, and interference with signaling pathways like NF-κB.