Immunomodulatory proteins

Immunomodulatory proteins represent a diverse and broad class of molecules that regulate the activity, intensity, and duration of the immune response (Cleveland Clinic, 2023). This category includes endogenous signaling molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and interferons, as well as cell-surface receptors like immune checkpoints, including PD-1 and CTLA-4 (Cancer Research Institute, 2024). In a therapeutic context, these proteins or their synthetic analogs are used to either stimulate the immune system to combat cancer and infections or suppress it to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders (PMC, 2021). Because the term encompasses a wide array of distinct molecular targets with varying mechanisms, it is generally considered a functional classification rather than a single therapeutic target (StatPearls, 2023). Drugs targeting these proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies and recombinant cytokines, have revolutionized oncology and rheumatology (PMC, 2020). However, affecting these pathways often carries risks of systemic toxicity, such as cytokine release syndrome or severe immune-related adverse events (Healthline, 2022).

Other names

ImmunomodulatorsBiological response modifiersBRMsImmune system modulators

Immunomodulatory proteins act through diverse mechanisms, including the activation or inhibition of immune checkpoints, the stimulation of cytokine receptors to enhance immune cell activity, or the neutralization of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules to suppress overactive immune responses.