Induction of immune tolerance to specific allergens

Induction of immune tolerance to specific allergens refers to a therapeutic process and immune pathway rather than a discrete molecular target. The core of this approach lies in training the immune system to become unresponsive or tolerant to allergens, thereby preventing allergic reactions. Mechanistically, this involves the activation and expansion of allergen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs), including IL-10-producing Tr1 cells, which actively suppress pro-allergic immune responses and antibody switching. Allergen-specific immunotherapy, the clinical implementation of this strategy, also modulates B cell responses by decreasing IgE and increasing IgG4 "blocking antibodies" that intercept allergens before they trigger mast cell or basophil activation. The process relies on complex interactions between antigen-presenting cells, cytokines (such as IL-10 and TGF-β), and effector immune cells. While highly effective for certain allergies, inducing tolerance can present a risk of allergic reactions and is not universally successful. This entry describes a therapeutic strategy and immunological outcome, not a specific druggable molecular entity[1][2][3][4].

Other names

Allergen-specific immune toleranceAllergen tolerance inductionAllergen-specific immunomodulationDesensitization to allergens

- Induction of allergen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs), especially IL-10-producing Tr1 cells, which suppress allergic inflammation and antibody production[2] - Shift in antibody isotypes from IgE to IgG4, especially the production of blocking IgG4 antibodies that prevent allergen-IgE/FcεRI-mediated activation of mast cells and basophils[1] - Suppression of type 2 helper T cell (Th2) responses and promotion of immune deviation[1] - Modulation by tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells) and secreted immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β)[2][4]