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Insulin
- Molecular classification
- Peptide hormone
01
Overview
Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. It is crucial for regulating blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells for energy or storage. A deficiency or impaired action leads directly to diabetes mellitus. Exogenous insulins are used therapeutically to manage diabetes.
02
Mechanism of action
Exogenous insulin replaces or supplements endogenous insulin, binding to insulin receptors and triggering intracellular signaling cascades leading to increased translocation of GLUT4 transporters, facilitating glucose uptake.
03
Biological functions
Glucose uptakeGlycogen synthesisLipid synthesisProtein synthesisAnabolic effectsRegulation of blood glucose levelsEnergy metabolism
04
Disease associations
Diabetes mellitusHyperglycemiaInsulin resistance
05
Safety considerations
HypoglycemiaWeight gainInsulin resistanceInjection site reactionsLipohypertrophy
06
Interacting drugs
Exogenous insulins (various formulations)
07
Biomarkers
Blood glucose levelsHbA1cC-peptideInsulin levels
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