Interleukin-1 receptor family (IL-1R family)

The Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) family is a group of 11 transmembrane proteins that serve as fundamental regulators of innate immunity and inflammatory responses (Boraschi & Tagliabue, 2013, "The interleukin-1 receptor family"). The family includes primary signaling receptors like IL-1R1, which binds ligands such as IL-1α and IL-1β, and the essential accessory protein IL-1RAcP, which is required to initiate intracellular signaling via the Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain (Weber et al., 2010, "The cytokine-receptor family"). The family also features regulatory components, including the decoy receptor IL-1R2 and the naturally occurring receptor antagonist IL-1Ra, which act to prevent excessive inflammation (Colotta et al., 1993, "Interleukin-1 type II receptor: a decoy target for IL-1"). Dysregulation or overproduction of IL-1 family cytokines is a primary driver of autoinflammatory diseases, such as Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS), as well as chronic conditions like gout and rheumatoid arthritis (Dinarello, 2011, "Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases"). Therapeutic interventions include recombinant antagonists like Anakinra and ligand-sequestering traps like Rilonacept, which effectively dampen systemic inflammation but require monitoring for side effects such as increased infection risk and neutropenia (StatPearls, "Anakinra").

Other names

IL-1 receptor familyToll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) familyIL-1R superfamilyInterleukin-1 receptor-like proteins

Drugs targeting the IL-1 receptor family function through competitive antagonism of the signaling receptor (e.g., Anakinra binding to IL-1R1), sequestration of circulating ligands using soluble decoy receptors or "traps" (e.g., Rilonacept), or monoclonal antibody-mediated neutralization of specific ligands to prevent receptor assembly and downstream signaling (Dinarello, 2011; Boraschi & Tagliabue, 2013).