Interleukin-10-Secreting Anti-Inflammatory Macrophage (M2 Macrophage (IL-10+))

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)-secreting anti-inflammatory macrophages are a specialized subset of macrophages that play a crucial role in resolving inflammation, promoting tissue repair, and maintaining immune homeostasis. These cells are often referred to as "alternatively activated" or M2-like macrophages. Their defining feature is the secretion of IL-10, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses pro-inflammatory responses and supports tissue healing. These macrophages help terminate inflammatory responses by secreting IL-10, which inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNFα, IL-1β), reduces antigen presentation capacity, and limits phagocytosis. They promote wound healing and tissue remodeling by producing growth factors like TGF-beta and IGF-1, and support angiogenesis through secretion of VEGF-A, EGF, PDGF, and IL-8. IL‑10-secreting macrophages favor oxidative phosphorylation over glycolysis, preventing excessive inflammasome activation and further inflammation.

Other names

Alternatively Activated MacrophageM2 MacrophageIL-10 Producing MacrophageAnti-inflammatory Macrophage

Not applicable, as this is a cell type and not a drug target. However, IL-10 acts primarily via its heterodimeric receptor complex composed of IL-10R1 and IL-10R2 subunits on target cells—especially monocytes/macrophages. Binding activates JAK/STAT signaling pathways leading to: Downregulation of proinflammatory gene expression, Upregulation of inhibitory/tolerance-associated genes, Enhanced release of other anti-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA)