Intracellular Redox System

The intracellular redox system refers to the network of molecules, enzymes, and pathways that maintain the balance between oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions within cells. This system is essential for cellular homeostasis, as it regulates the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reducing equivalents such as glutathione and NADPH. The redox state influences a wide range of cellular processes including metabolism, signal transduction, gene expression, cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Disruption of intracellular redox balance can lead to oxidative stress, altered signaling pathways affecting cell survival/death, and contribution to diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disorders.