Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (formerly Lactobacillus rhamnosus) (L. rhamnosus)

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus is a Gram-positive, homofermentative, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium frequently used as a probiotic[5][3]. It is well-studied for its capacity to survive gastric transit, adhere to intestinal epithelial surfaces via specific pili (such as SpaCBA), and modulate the host immune response and gut microbial community[1][2][3]. Commonly employed strains include GG (LGG) and GR-1, which have demonstrated efficacy in the prevention and treatment of infectious, inflammatory, and dysbiotic conditions in the gut and female urogenital tract[4][5]. Its functions encompass antimicrobial production (lactic acid, bacteriocins), adherence and biofilm formation, reduction of inflammatory cytokine production, and detoxification of xenobiotics such as aflatoxins[4][1][2]. Safety is well established, though rare systemic infections may occur in vulnerable populations[5].

Other names

Lactobacillus rhamnosus (older taxonomic name)Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG ("LGG") and strain-specific abbreviations such as GR-1"Yoba 2012" (a commercial name for a re-isolated strain)

Colonization of mucosal surfaces (intestinal and urogenital) Competitive exclusion of pathogens (via adhesion molecules and biofilm formation) Production of antimicrobial compounds (lactic acid, possible bacteriocins) Immunomodulation through induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines and protection of epithelial cells