Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is a widely recognized probiotic strain that interacts with the intestinal microbiota and the epithelial mucosal surface to promote gastrointestinal health. It adheres to the intestinal mucus layer through specialized SpaCBA pili, which facilitates its colonization and direct interaction with host epithelial and immune cells (Kankainen et al., 2009). LGG secretes functional proteins, notably p40 and p75, which activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to prevent epithelial cell apoptosis and strengthen tight junctions, thereby reinforcing the intestinal barrier (Yan et al., 2007). These actions protect the host against pathogens and environmental toxins. Furthermore, LGG plays a significant role in immunomodulation by stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and balancing Th1/Th2 immune responses. Clinically, it is utilized to manage antibiotic-associated diarrhea, rotavirus infections, and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. While generally considered safe for the general population, its use requires caution in immunocompromised patients due to the rare risk of opportunistic systemic infection.

Other names

L. rhamnosus GGLactobacillus GGATCC 53103Intestinal microbiota and epithelial mucosal surface

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) adheres to the intestinal mucosa via specialized SpaCBA pili, enabling colonization and interaction with host cells. It secretes bioactive proteins, specifically p40 and p75, which activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway to prevent epithelial cell apoptosis and enhance the expression of tight junction proteins. Additionally, LGG modulates the immune system by inducing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and suppressing pro-inflammatory signals, thereby maintaining intestinal homeostasis.