Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase (LOX and COX)

Lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases are two major families of enzymes that catalyze the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid, to produce signaling molecules called eicosanoids—including leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and others. These molecules mediate inflammation, regulate immune responses, control vascular tone, and promote processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. Dysregulation and upregulation of either pathway are implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer development and progression (notably in pancreatic, colorectal, breast, and other cancers), and cardiovascular disorders. Both enzyme families are validated therapeutic targets for anti-inflammatory drugs and certain cancer therapies. Selective and dual inhibitors have been developed, but concerns exist over safety, efficacy, and off-target toxicities.

Other names

Lipoxygenase (LOX)Arachidonate lipoxygenase (for LOX family, includes ALOX5, ALOX12, ALOX15, etc.)Cyclooxygenase (COX)Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS)Prostaglandin G/H synthase (for COX family, includes COX-1/PTGS1 and COX-2/PTGS2)

Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (COX inhibition); Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis (LOX inhibition); Reduction of inflammation and pain (NSAIDs)