Major histocompatibility complex class I beta2-microglobulin (None)

Beta2-microglobulin (β2M) is a small, highly conserved protein that forms an essential component of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules. MHC I molecules are present on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells and play a critical role in immune surveillance by presenting peptide antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). It is non-covalently associated with the α chain of MHC class I molecules and is crucial for maintaining the proper conformation and stability of the MHC class I heavy chain. β2M also associates with several other "class-I like" proteins such as CD1 family members, MR1, neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), Qa antigens in mice, and human hemochromatosis protein (HFE). Dysregulation or deficiency in β2-microglobulin can lead to immunodeficiency syndromes. Elevated serum levels are used as biomarkers for certain diseases including some cancers and chronic inflammatory conditions. Some pathogens have evolved mechanisms targeting β2-microglobulin, such as Cytomegalovirus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Other names

β2-microglobulinB2M

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