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Manganese ion (Mn²⁺)
- Target
- Mn²⁺
- Molecular classification
- Other
01
Overview
The manganese ion, most often present as Mn²⁺, is an essential trace element in all forms of life. It acts as an indispensable cofactor for a variety of enzymes involved in antioxidant defense (notably mitochondrial Mn-superoxide dismutase), metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism), bone formation, urea detoxification, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Manganese is tightly regulated in biological systems due to its potential toxicity at elevated concentrations, with the brain and liver being primary sites of accumulation. Manganese ions are transported and managed by specific metal transporters and binding proteins, and their imbalance can manifest in marked neurological and systemic disease[2][6][4][10].
- Other names
- Manganese(II) ionMn(II)manganese cationMn²⁺
02
Mechanism of action
Chelation (binding and removing manganese from the body in toxicity); supplementation (for deficiency); not a "target" for classic pharmacological mechanisms
03
Biological functions
Essential cofactor for enzymes (e.g., Mn-superoxide dismutase, arginase, pyruvate carboxylase)Antioxidant defense (as part of Mn-superoxide dismutase)Metabolism of amino acids, cholesterol, carbohydratesBone formationUrea cycle in the liverNeurotransmitter metabolism (glutamine synthetase activity)
04
Disease associations
Neurological disorders (toxicity leads to manganism, similar to Parkinsonism)Deficiency can cause impaired growth, fertility, and skeletal abnormalitiesOther (e.g., metabolic disorders when cofactor activity is compromised)
05
Safety considerations
Manganese toxicity (manganism; parkinsonism-like neurological syndrome from inhalation or excessive exposure)Essentiality/toxicity balance: both deficiency and excess are harmfulNo specific therapeutic "window" for drug targeting as with proteins
06
Interacting drugs
Chelating agents (e.g., EDTA, CaNa₂EDTA, used for toxicity)
1 more in the full profile.
07
Biomarkers
Blood or serum manganese levelsactivity of manganese-dependent enzymes (e.g., Mn-superoxide dismutase)
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