Extracorporeal gas exchange membrane (Membrane oxygenator)

The extracorporeal gas exchange membrane, commonly known as a membrane oxygenator or artificial lung, is a critical component of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) systems used for temporary life support in patients with severe cardiac or respiratory failure. It functions by facilitating gas exchange outside the body: deoxygenated blood from the patient is passed through hollow fibers or membranes where oxygen diffuses into red blood cells and carbon dioxide is removed, mimicking the natural lung process. This allows failing heart and lungs to rest and potentially recover, or serves as a bridge to transplant or recovery in conditions like acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cardiogenic shock, or post-cardiac surgery failure. Available in materials like microporous polypropylene or silicone rubber, these membranes are integrated into ECMO circuits with pumps and cannulas for veno-venous (VV) or veno-arterial (VA) configurations. While highly effective for short-term support, they require systemic anticoagulation to prevent clotting, introducing risks such as hemorrhage and organ hypoperfusion if not properly managed. ECMO using these membranes has expanded in use for cases like COVID-19-related hypoxemia refractory to ventilation. Overall, the membrane is a medical device rather than a biological target, supporting physiologic functions without directly treating underlying diseases.

Other names

ECMO oxygenatorartificial lungmembrane lung