Messenger RNA translation (mRNA translation)

Messenger RNA (mRNA) translation is the essential biological process by which the genetic information encoded in mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to synthesize specific polypeptides. This complex mechanism occurs in three distinct phases—initiation, elongation, and termination—and is orchestrated by the ribosome along with various transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and translation factors (Nature, 2000, doi:10.1038/35033009). In oncology, the translation machinery is frequently hijacked to overproduce oncoproteins that drive cell survival and proliferation, making components like the eIF4F complex and the ribosome itself key therapeutic targets (Nature Reviews Cancer, 2019, doi:10.1038/s41568-019-0121-x). Furthermore, the structural differences between bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes provide a basis for the selective action of many antibiotic classes, such as macrolides and tetracyclines, which bind to specific ribosomal sites to halt pathogen growth (PubMed, 2014, PMID:24439043). While targeting translation is a potent strategy for treating infections and certain cancers, therapeutic challenges include achieving selectivity to avoid disrupting essential protein synthesis in healthy human cells and managing potential mitochondrial cross-reactivity (StatPearls, 2023, NBK554440).

Other names

Protein synthesisTranslationmRNA-to-protein synthesisRibosomal protein synthesis

Inhibition of the ribosomal 30S or 50S subunits, interference with the eIF4F initiation complex, inhibition of aminoacyl-tRNA binding, or prevention of peptide bond formation and translocation.