Microbial cell membranes and surface components

Microbial cell membranes and surface components encompass the structural barriers and functional interfaces of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. In bacteria, the cell envelope typically includes a cytoplasmic membrane and a peptidoglycan-based cell wall, with Gram-negative species possessing an additional outer membrane rich in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) [1: Silhavy et al., 2010, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol]. Fungal cells are distinguished by a cell wall containing chitin and beta-glucans, and a plasma membrane where ergosterol replaces cholesterol as the primary sterol [2: Gow et al., 2017, Microbiol Spectr]. These structures are vital for maintaining osmotic pressure, regulating nutrient transport, and facilitating host-pathogen interactions [3: Strahl & Hamoen, 2010, PNAS]. Because many of these components are absent in mammalian cells, they serve as primary targets for antimicrobial therapy to achieve selective toxicity. For instance, beta-lactam antibiotics inhibit the cross-linking of peptidoglycan, while polymyxins act as detergents to disrupt the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria [4: Brown & Wright, 2016, Nature]. Antifungal agents like polyenes and echinocandins target ergosterol and glucan synthesis, respectively, to compromise fungal integrity [5: Nett & Andes, 2016, Infect Dis Clin North Am].

Other names

Bacterial cell envelopeMicrobial cell wallCytoplasmic membraneOuter membranePeptidoglycan layerFungal cell wallLipopolysaccharide layer

Inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis, disruption of cytoplasmic membrane potential, binding to ergosterol to form membrane pores, and inhibition of beta-glucan synthesis.