Microbial redox systems

Microbial redox systems are integral networks of enzymes and metabolic pathways that maintain the balance between reduction and oxidation within microbial cells, ensuring survival and energy production. These systems include the electron transport chain, various oxidoreductases, and antioxidant defense mechanisms such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and the thioredoxin/glutathione systems [1][2]. Many antimicrobial agents exploit these systems by acting as prodrugs that are selectively activated by microbial reductases (like ferredoxins or flavodoxins) to generate lethal reactive oxygen species (ROS) or by inhibiting the enzymes that protect the microbe from oxidative damage [2][3]. The resulting accumulation of ROS causes irreversible damage to essential cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids, leading to rapid cell death [3][4]. Targeting these systems is a proven strategy for treating bacterial, fungal, and protozoal infections, although challenges remain regarding host toxicity and the emergence of resistance through enhanced antioxidant defenses [1][5]. (Citations: [1] Leitsch, D., 2017, Curr Trop Med Rep; [2] Yano, T., et al., 2011, Chem Rev; [3] Kohanski, M. A., et al., 2007, Cell; [4] Manda, G., et al., 2015, Oxid Med Cell Longev; [5] NIH PubChem/StatPearls for Metronidazole).

Other names

Microbial oxidative stress systemsMicrobial redox homeostasisBacterial redox metabolismMicrobial antioxidant defense systems

Induction of oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals via microbial-specific reductive activation or respiratory chain interference.