Microbiome-immune system axis

The microbiome-immune system axis represents the complex, bidirectional communication network between the host's indigenous microbial communities and the innate and adaptive immune systems. This interaction begins at birth and is essential for the proper development of secondary lymphoid structures and the education of immune cells to distinguish between commensal organisms and pathogens (Belkaid & Hand, 2014). Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), play a pivotal role in inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) and maintaining intestinal barrier integrity (Round & Mazmanian, 2009). Furthermore, the microbiota influences systemic immunity, affecting distant organs through the circulation of microbial products and signaling molecules. Disruptions in this delicate balance, known as dysbiosis, are linked to various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, such as Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Research has also demonstrated that the composition of the gut microbiome can significantly impact the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2018). Current therapeutic approaches focus on manipulating the microbiota through live biotherapeutics, fecal transplants, or dietary interventions to restore immune homeostasis. Understanding this axis is critical for developing precision medicine strategies that leverage the microbiome to treat immune-mediated diseases.

Other names

Gut-immune axisMicrobiota-immune system interactionHost-microbe crosstalkMicrobiome-immune axis

Modulation of immune cell differentiation (e.g., Treg/Th17 balance) via microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and interaction with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as TLRs and NLRs.