Microbiota-host immune system axis

The microbiota-host immune system axis represents the complex, bidirectional communication network between the trillions of microorganisms inhabiting the host and the host's innate and adaptive immune systems (Source [1], [2]). This axis is fundamental for maintaining immunological homeostasis, as the microbiota provides essential signals for the development of lymphoid structures and the differentiation of immune cells, such as regulatory T cells and Th17 cells (Source [7], [9]). Microbial-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids, act as signaling molecules that bind to host receptors like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to modulate inflammatory responses (Source [1], [8]). Dysregulation of this axis, often termed dysbiosis, is implicated in a wide range of pathologies, including inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders, and reduced efficacy of cancer immunotherapies (Source [3], [5]). Therapeutic strategies targeting this axis include fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, and engineered microbial consortia, which aim to restore a healthy microbial balance and enhance the host's immune response against pathogens or tumors (Source [2], [4]). Additionally, the composition of the gut microbiota has been shown to significantly influence the clinical response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, making it a critical factor in precision oncology (Source [3], [5]).

Other names

Gut-immune axisHost-microbiota-immune axisMicrobiome-immune system interactionHost-microbe immunological axis

Modulation of the gut microbial composition and metabolite production to regulate host innate and adaptive immune responses (Source [1], [2]).