Microglia and astrocytes

Microglia and astrocytes are the primary non-neuronal cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) responsible for immune surveillance and homeostatic maintenance. Microglia serve as the resident macrophages of the brain, originating from yolk sac progenitors and performing critical roles in phagocytosis and synaptic pruning (Source: Nature Reviews Immunology). Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells, providing metabolic support to neurons, maintaining the blood-brain barrier, and regulating extracellular ion balance (Source: StatPearls). In the context of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, these cells often enter a reactive state known as gliosis, which can lead to chronic neuroinflammation and accelerated neuronal loss (Source: NIH). Although they are frequently cited as therapeutic targets, they represent complex cellular populations rather than single molecular entities; therefore, pharmacological strategies usually target specific receptors or enzymes expressed on these cells, such as TREM2 or P2X7, to modulate their activity (Source: PubMed).

Other names

Glial cellsNeurogliaCNS immune and support cells

Modulation of glial activation states, suppression of neuroinflammatory cytokine release, and enhancement of debris clearance.