Mitogen-activated protein kinase enzyme (MAPK) (MAPK)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase enzymes (MAPKs) are central serine/threonine protein kinases in eukaryotic cells that regulate the transduction of extracellular signals into cellular responses. The classical MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38 kinases) function as part of three-tiered phosphorylation cascades, modulating processes including growth, proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, immune response, and stress adaptation. These enzymes respond to diverse signals (growth factors, cytokines, stress stimuli) and are implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, inflammatory diseases, and other disorders. MAPK pathway enzymes are therapeutic targets for multiple small-molecule inhibitors, especially in cancer therapy, although they present challenges including resistance and toxicity.

Other names

MAP kinasesMAPK enzymesMitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)ERK (Extracellular signal-regulated kinase family)JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases)p38 kinases

Inhibition of phosphorylation activity (blocks kinase cascade) Disruption of downstream signaling (blocks cell proliferation, induces apoptosis) Interference with substrate binding and activation loop phosphorylation Modulation of gene expression via transcription factor regulation