Mitogen-activated protein kinase family proteins (MAPK)

Mitogen-activated protein kinases are critical enzymes that translate extracellular stimuli (such as growth factors, cytokines, and stress signals) into intracellular responses. The MAPK family is divided into several major subgroups—ERK1/2, JNK1/2/3, p38α/β/γ/δ, and ERK5—each orchestrating specific cellular activities by activating a broad array of substrates[3][5]. Dysfunction of MAPK pathways is implicated in the onset and progression of many diseases, notably cancers, where mutations and over-activation support uncontrolled growth and survival. Drugs targeting MAPK family members, particularly inhibitors of BRAF, MEK, ERK, and p38 kinases, are approved for treatment of several cancers and continue to be developed for broader indications[4][2]. The complexity and redundancy of MAPK cascades, however, pose significant challenges for therapy, including drug resistance and adverse effects, making careful biomarker-based patient selection and monitoring essential for clinical success.

Other names

MAPKMAP kinaseMitogen-activated protein kinaseERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase)JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase)p38 MAP kinase

Inhibition of kinase activity (direct enzyme inhibitors) Downregulation of downstream signaling Promotion or inhibition of apoptosis Modulation of cell proliferation Targeting oncogenic mutations (e.g., BRAF V600E)