Nanoparticle or liposome surface (null)

Nanoparticle and liposome surfaces refer to the *engineered outer interface* of nanoscale drug delivery carriers, typically composed of lipids and optionally modified with polymers, ligands, or surfactants to alter their biological identity, stability, and targeting properties. The composition (e.g., lipid type, charge), surface charge (zeta potential), and attached functional groups determine key characteristics such as cellular uptake, immune evasion, tissue penetration, and circulation time. These properties are critical for the success of drug- or gene-delivery systems, but the surfaces themselves are *not individual biological targets*—rather, they control how the delivery vehicle interacts with biological systems. Challenges include surface-induced immunogenicity, control of surface modification, and stability in vivo, making precise surface engineering essential for clinical translation of these carriers

Other names

Nanoparticle surfaceLiposome surfaceSurface of liposomal nanoparticlesNanocarrier surface

Encapsulation and targeted delivery of payload (drug, nucleic acid) to increase local concentration Surface modification (e.g., PEGylation, ligand attachment) to alter biodistribution, reduce clearance, and enhance targeting