Neuromedin S (NMS)

Neuromedin S (NMS) is a neuropeptide of 36 amino acids identified as an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptors NMUR1 and NMUR2 (previously known as FM-3/GPR66 and FM-4/TGR-1), which are also receptors for the related peptide neuromedin U[1][2][3][4]. NMS is primarily expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, with additional mRNA expression in the spleen and testis[1][2][3]. As a neuropeptide, NMS shares a conserved C-terminal core with neuromedin U, and both peptides are encoded by separate genes (NMS gene at human chromosome 2q11.2) and processed from distinct preproprotein precursors[1][3][4]. NMS mediates its effects through autocrine and paracrine signaling within the brain, especially in the SCN, playing a critical role in regulation of circadian rhythms and neuroendocrine function[2][3]. Unlike conventional pharmacological targets (such as receptors or enzymes), NMS itself is not considered a therapeutic target, but its receptors (NMUR1 and NMUR2) are the actual GPCR therapeutic targets. Currently, there are no known drugs that directly target NMS as a ligand, nor are there established biomarkers or safety concerns specifically associated with targeting NMS[3][4]. NMS, along with NMU, regulates physiological functions including circadian activity, energy homeostasis, and possibly hormone release, though the full scope of its actions and clinical significance is still under investigation[2][3][4]. Note: NMS is a ligand peptide and not a receptor, enzyme, or direct classical therapeutic target. Its biological importance is as an endogenous regulator via its receptors.

Other names

Neuromedin-SNMSprepro-NMSneuromedin S precursorneuromedin S precursor-related peptideNSRP (neuromedin S precursor-related peptide)