Neuromodulation via focused acoustic energy delivery to nervous system structures

This is a noninvasive or minimally invasive therapeutic technique that uses focused acoustic energy—most commonly ultrasound—to selectively modulate the activity of specific nervous system structures. The mechanisms involve deformation of neuronal membranes, activation of mechanosensitive ion channels, changes in network synchrony, and possible alteration of excitatory/inhibitory signaling. Clinical applications range from neuropsychiatric and movement disorders to pain management and tinnitus. The effects can be transient or, at higher intensities, more permanent. It is a technological method and not a molecular target, so standard target tables do not apply. Device settings (pressure, frequency, pulse duration) and anatomical targeting define the intervention’s specificity and effects.

Other names

Focused ultrasound neuromodulationUltrasound neuromodulationAcoustic neuromodulationTranscranial focused ultrasoundAcoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation

Application of focused acoustic energy alters neuronal membrane potentials by mechanical deformation, acoustic radiation force, or other biophysical mechanisms, resulting in modulation of neural function. May activate mechanosensitive ion channels or modulate ionic currents. At different frequencies, distinct physical mechanisms (e.g., cavitation, radiation force, flexoelectric membrane effects) may dominate.