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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
- Target
- NAD+
- Molecular classification
- coenzyme, dinucleotide, nucleotide, redox molecule
01
Overview
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a crucial coenzyme found in all living cells that plays a fundamental role in cellular metabolism and various biological processes. It consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups and exists in oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms, allowing it to participate in redox reactions. NAD+ is primarily involved in catabolic reactions, acting as an electron carrier for ATP production. It also functions in ADP-ribosylation, as a precursor for cyclic ADP-ribose, and as a substrate for enzymes like sirtuins and bacterial DNA ligases. Beyond intracellular roles, NAD+ acts as an extracellular signaling molecule, proposed as a neurotransmitter and involved in plant immunity. NAD+ is synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways. Age-related decline in NAD+ levels is linked to aging and diseases, suggesting potential therapeutic modulation.
- Other names
- NADNADHoxidized form of NADreduced form of NAD
02
Biological functions
Acts as a coenzyme in redox reactions, carrying electronsInvolved in catabolic reactions like glycolysis and the citric acid cycleAccepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced to NADHElectrons carried by NADH are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATPFunctions as a donor of ADP-ribose in ADP-ribosylation reactionsActs as a precursor of the second messenger molecule cyclic ADP-riboseServes as a substrate for bacterial DNA ligasesServes as a substrate for sirtuins that use NAD+ to remove acetyl groups from proteinsReleased from neurons in blood vessels, urinary bladder, large intestine, neurosecretory cells, and brain synaptosomesProposed to be a novel neurotransmitter from nerves to effector cells in smooth muscle organsInduces resistance to pathogen infection in plants (extracellular)
03
Disease associations
NAD+ levels decline with ageAge-related NAD+ decline impairs the activity of PARP1 leading to DNA degradationOral administration of NAD+ to aging mice restores PARP1 activity and shows signs of rejuvenationPotential prophylactic use to prevent or reduce diabetesPotential prophylactic use to prevent or reduce cancerPotential prophylactic use to prevent or reduce other age-related conditions
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