Nitroxidative stress pathway

The nitroxidative stress pathway refers to a cellular and molecular state caused by the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and the capacity of endogenous antioxidant defenses. This pathway is not a single biological molecule or receptor but depicts interconnected signaling and biochemical events characterized by excessive nitric oxide (NO), superoxide (O₂⁻), and their reaction product peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻), among others. Nitroxidative stress leads to post-translational modifications such as protein nitrosation and nitration, mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of cell death pathways, and altered immune and inflammatory signaling. It is implicated in multiple diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, neuropathic pain, neurodegeneration, and liver injury. The pathway is a focus for pharmacological intervention via antioxidants, NOS inhibitors, and ROS/RNS scavengers, but treatment is complicated by the physiologic roles of ROS/RNS in cell signaling and host defense. Note: - This entry is not a specific target molecule/receptor but describes a biochemical stress condition or pathway. Thus, "Nitroxidative stress pathway" is not itself a canonical molecular target; therapeutic and diagnostic intervention in this pathway usually involves enzymes like nitric oxide synthases, antioxidant systems, or signaling receptors impacted by ROS/RNS (such as TLR4 or mitochondrial proteins). - The label is_incorrect: true is appropriate if you are seeking a defined protein/receptor, not a pathway or condition.

Other names

Nitroxidative stressNitrosative stress pathwayOxidative/nitrosative stress

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (reduces NO and downstream nitroxidative damage); Scavenging of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (limits oxidative/nitrosative biomolecular modifications); Mitochondrial protection.