Oncolytic virus (OV) (OV)

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are genetically engineered or naturally occurring viruses that selectively infect and destroy cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. Their mechanisms include direct lysis of tumor cells (oncolysis), induction of anti-tumor immune responses by releasing tumor antigens and immune modulators, destruction of tumor vasculature, and delivery of therapeutic transgenes. OVs exploit unique vulnerabilities of cancer cells, such as defects in interferon-mediated antiviral responses and overexpression of certain cell surface receptors, to achieve selectivity. Clinical use is established for a few OVs, such as Talimogene laherparepvec (HSV-based), and research is ongoing into improved targeting, combination therapies, and overcoming resistance. Safety challenges center on off-target effects, immune complications, and the risk of viral pathogenicity, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

Other names

oncolytic virusOVoncolytic virotherapyoncolytic viral therapy

Viral infection of cancer cells leading to cell lysis (oncolysis); Stimulation of dendritic cells and T cell recruitment (immune activation); Antitumor immunity via exposure of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and release of signaling molecules (cytokines, DAMPs/PAMPs); Destruction of tumor-associated vasculature; Delivery of therapeutic transgenes (e.g. cytokines, pro-apoptotic factors)