Oral bacterial cell envelope and biofilm matrix

The oral bacterial cell envelope and biofilm matrix constitute a sophisticated structural and functional unit that enables microbial colonization and persistence within the oral cavity. The cell envelope provides the primary physical barrier and structural support for individual bacteria, while the biofilm matrix—composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) such as polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA—forms a protective three-dimensional scaffold (Flemming et al., 2016, Nature Reviews Microbiology). This matrix facilitates the formation of dental plaque, protecting pathogenic species from mechanical removal, host immune responses, and antimicrobial penetration (Bowen et al., 2018, Journal of Dental Research). In the context of disease, the accumulation and acidification of this matrix lead to dental caries and periodontal inflammation (Kim et al., 2015, Journal of Dental Research). Therapeutic strategies targeting this complex include the use of antiseptics that disrupt cell membranes and agents that inhibit the enzymatic production of the EPS matrix. These interventions aim to reduce the virulence and stability of the oral biofilm, thereby preventing the progression of oral diseases (Marsh, 2010, Journal of Clinical Periodontology).

Other names

Dental plaqueOral biofilmExtracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)Bacterial cell wallDental pellicle-associated biofilm

Disruption of bacterial cell membranes, inhibition of glucosyltransferase enzymes, degradation of extracellular polysaccharides, and prevention of bacterial attachment to the acquired pellicle.