Oral biofilm extracellular matrix

The oral biofilm matrix is a three-dimensional, extracellular scaffold that encases bacterial communities on oral surfaces. It consists primarily of polysaccharides (notably glucans and fructans produced by Streptococcus mutans and other oral bacteria), extracellular DNA (eDNA), proteins (including amyloid-like fibers and histone-like molecules), and traces of lipids. The matrix provides structural integrity, enhances bacterial adhesion, traps nutrients, and protects resident microbes from antimicrobial agents and host defenses[1][2][3][4]. It also creates microenvironments, such as acidic niches, that favor disease progression (caries and periodontitis)[1]. eDNA in the matrix contributes to cohesion, facilitates horizontal gene transfer, and can even form non-canonical structures like Z-DNA and G-quadruplexes, potentially increasing biofilm resilience[3][4]. Targeting matrix components (e.g., with DNase or polysaccharide-degrading enzymes) is an emerging therapeutic strategy[4].

Other names

dental biofilm matrixextracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrixplaque matrixbiofilm scaffold

Enzymatic disruption of matrix components (DNase targets eDNA; dextranase/fructanase target polysaccharides[1][4]) Enhancement of antimicrobial penetration by biofilm breakdown[4]