Oral microbial biofilm

Oral microbial biofilm refers to a structured, multispecies community of microorganisms, predominantly bacteria, that adhere to surfaces in the oral cavity, such as teeth, dental prostheses, and mucosal tissue. These microorganisms are embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix composed of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, inorganic ions, and extracellular DNA, providing structural integrity and protection from external factors[1][2][3]. Biofilm formation is a dynamic, multi-step process involving initial adhesion by pioneer species (e.g. *Streptococcus mutans*), recruitment of secondary colonizers, interbacterial signaling, and maturation into a highly organized three-dimensional community with distinct ecological niches[1][2]. Oral biofilm plays a dual role: it maintains oral health by supporting microbial balance but, when dysregulated, is the principal etiological factor in dental caries, periodontal disease, and other oral pathologies[2][4]. Its structure confers increased tolerance to antibiotics and immune defenses, making it a challenging therapeutic target. Prevention and treatment strategies focus on mechanical removal, chemical disruption of the EPS, antimicrobial agents, and modulation of the oral microbial milieu[1][3][4].

Other names

Dental biofilmoral biofilmdental plaque

Drugs targeting oral microbial biofilm primarily act through: Disruption of biofilm matrix integrity (e.g., EPS degradation); Inhibition of microbial adhesion to surfaces; Killing of biofilm-embedded bacteria; Blocking quorum sensing and interbacterial communication; Modulation of oral microbial composition.